REVIEW






Higher-resolution figures are provided below. Click to enlarge!

Figure 1. Primary structure of RALF peptides.
A) Examples of RALF precursors. B) Alignment logo of RALF1,4,19,22,23,34.


Figure 2. Receptors whose binding to RALFs has an experimentally proven biological function.


Figure 3. RALF peptides trigger rapid apoplastic alkalinization, ROS production and Ca²⁺ influx.


Figure 4. The crosstalk between RALFs, auxin, and brassinosteroids regulates root growth.


Figure 5. RALF peptides elicit complex signaling in roots.
A) Intracellular signaling. B) Proper root development and integrity.


Figure 6. RALF1 and RALF22 regulate root hair growth.
A) Root hair growth. B) Potential components of RALF-regulated root hair growth.


Figure 7. RALFs and FER modulate membrane dynamics.


Figure 8. Crosstalk between the RALF1 and ABA signaling pathways.
A) Root growth. B) Stomatal movement.


Figure 9. RALF peptides and their receptors are involved in the salinity stress response.
A) FER-regulated salt stress response. B) RALF-regulated salt stress response.


Figure 10. The RALF1/FER complex regulates nitrogen (N) deficiency response.


Figure 11. RALF peptides modulate immune responses.
A) PTI reponse. B) Salicylic and jasmonic acids crosstalk. C) Plant–microorganism interactions.


Figure 12. RALF peptides participate in fertilization.
A) Pollen germination and penetration. B) Pollen tube growth. C) Pollen tube rupture and prevention of multiple PT arrivals. 



Figure 13. Phylogenetic tree of all RALFs cited in the review.
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